Moreno, Gina, Richard A. Espinobarros, Sheyla A. Delgado, and Jeffrey A. Butts (2024). Color Contrast: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in New York City Law Enforcement. New York, NY: Research and Evaluation Center, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York.

Assessed disparities in the use and impact of different enforcement tools in New York City, such as warnings, summonses, arrests, or desk appearance tickets for comparable offenses. Researchers conducted spatiotemporal analyses combining population data with publicly available crime-related data, including arrests, complaints, and summonses, to create geographically specific indicators for a range of crimes to investigate whether criminal justice processing varies according to the race and ethnicity of justice-involved individuals and the demographic profile of their neighborhoods. Analyses explored disparities by crime type and charge severity and assessed how they changed in recent years.
Task 79 in the Reform Initiative Tracker